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Spain 2.1.1992 - 500 Years since the capitulation of Granada

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This cover and the wonderful postmarks on it commemorate 500 Years since the capitulation of Granada.
The Treaty of Granada was signed and ratified on November 25, 1491 between Boabdil, the sultan of Granada, and Ferdinand and Isabella, the King and Queen of Castile, León, Aragon and Sicily.It ended the Granada War which had started in 1482, culminating in the siege and battle of Granada beginning in spring 1491.
Also known as the Capitulation of Granada, the treaty provided a short truce, followed by the relinquishment in January 1492 of the sovereignty of the Moorish Emirate of Granada (founded five centuries earlier) to the Catholic monarchs of Spain. The treaty guaranteed a set of rights to the Moors, including religious tolerance and fair treatment in return for their surrender and capitulation.
An uprising by the Moors in 1500 caused the Catholic side to consider that the Moors had violated the Treaty: this gave them a justification for revoking its provisions.
Thank you My friendMaria.

Singapore 8.11.2013 - Fashion - Singapore France Joint Stamp Issue

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Singapore has grown from strength to strength and it is brimming with resources. The nation has become a prosperous economic crossroads, bolstered by its rapid technical industrialization and its strategically-located commerce port at the door to Asia. As a major producer and consumer of fashion, Singapore has started to gain a key position as a fashion capital in Asia. Today, the fashion industries actively promote the creativity of young local talent. 

Beautifully illustrated in these stamps issued on 8.11.2013 are the sophisticated fashion’s in France and Singapore, with the cultural costumes of Singapore done in a tasteful fashion. Singapore's vibrant and multicultural heritage has allowed many traditional costumes to be still worn and commonly seen throughout the island, especially during the festive seasons.

Shashi sent me this lovely cover.

Australia 27.9.1976 - National Stamp Week

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An 18c stamp and a miniature sheet of four 18c stamps were issued at all Australian post offices and philatelic sales centres on the opening day of National Stamp Week, 27th September, 1976.

This was only the third miniature sheet in Australian philatelic history. The previous two miniature sheets were issued in 1928 during an international philatelic exhibition in Melbourne and in 1970 to mark the Cook Bicentenary celebrations.

Mr. Ray Honisett's National Stamp Week designs feature a portrait of Blamire Young(1862-1935) an English-born water colourist who played a leading part in the design of the 1913 Kangaroo and Map stamp series, Australia's first uniform stamp issue.

The miniature sheet is intended to illustrate progressive colour steps in photogravure stamp printing.

The first stamp is printed in yellow, the second has red added to the yellow base and a further colour effect is achieved in the third stamp by the addition of blue

The Kangaroo stamps of Australia, commonly known as Roos, were the Kangaroo and Map series of definitive stamps of the Australian Commonwealth first issued in 1913.They were issued in 1913, over 12 years after Federation. Although the delay had several causes, one of the major reasons was political wrangling regarding the design. There was a considerable amount of opposition to any inclusion of British royal symbols or profiles.

A design completion was announced in 1911, and several designs, including royal profiles were chosen. The government decided on having only one design, and Charles Frazer, then postmaster-general, inspired the basic outline of the new design.

Blamire Young, a local watercolour artist, was commissioned to produce the final design. There was some criticism and minor changes made, and the first issues were released in January 1913. The stamps were issued in 16 values ranging from a halfpenny to a two pound value.

When Joseph Cook took over as Prime Minister in mid-1913, he promptly had issued a series of stamps featuring the profile King George V. However, the Kangaroo and Map series continued to be issued, and was not removed from sale for over thirty years.

Thank you Maria.

Switzerland 3.5.1982 - EUROPA CEPT - Historic Events

Spain 24.2.1982 – World Cup Football 1982 in Spain

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Spain’s performance at the World Cup this year has been dubbed “the great disappointment” by the Spanish media. The defending champions were humiliated right from the onset of the tournament, losing 5:1 to Holland. The Spanish team was finally knocked out of the running by Chile, prompting a wave of scathing memes on Twitter.

This FDC and the two lovely stamps on it talk of slightly better times when the Spaniards were hosts at the World Cup in 1982. We must also not forget that the Spaniards were the World Champions in 2010. One FDC is postmarked in Bilbao. The cover shows players in action and the Coat of Arms of Bilbao. The other FDC is postmarked in Vigo. The cover shows players in action and the Coat of Arms of Vigo.
The 1982 FIFA World Cup, the 12th FIFA World Cup, was held in Spain from 13 June to 11 July 1982.

The tournament was won by Italy, after defeating West Germany 3–1 in the final. It was Italy's third World Cup win and first since 1938. The holders Argentina were eliminated in the second group round. Algeria, Cameroon, Honduras, Kuwait and New Zealand made their first appearances in the finals.
The tournament's top scorer was Paolo Rossi of Italy with six goals, including a hat-trick in a second group game against Brazil and one in the final.

In the first round of Group 3, Hungary defeated El Salvador 10–1, tying the largest margin of victory ever recorded in the finals (Hungary over Korea 9–0 in 1954, and Yugoslavia over Zaire 9–0 in 1974). The tournament was also notable for the first ever penalty shoot-out in a World Cup finals tournament, with West Germany beating France 5–4 on penalties after a dramatic 3–3 draw in the semi-finals in a match often regarded as one of the best World Cup games of all time.

On the subject of World Cup Football, a controversy has started on the subject of moving the 2018 WC from Russia because of their alleged involvement in the downing of the Malaysian Airlines flight MH17.

Thank you Maria for these lovely covers.

Singapore 16.10.2013 - Vanishing Trades – Definitives

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SingPost released a new collection of stamps on 16.10.2013, to commemorate vanishing trades, which were brought to local shores decades ago by immigrants from Malaysia, India and Sri Lanka. Many of these trades that were once a familiar sight are fast disappearing, with Singapore's development as an urban metropolis.
The trades featured on these 10 stamps on the two first day covers are about :-
Dairy men (1st Local) migrated from Tamil Nadu in South India and Uttar Pradesh in North India to Malaya at the beginning of the 20th century. They catered mainly to the growing Indian community around Serangoon Road, and some of them were involved in the cattle trade in the Serangoon area. As part of the delivery routine, they would bring along their goats or cows and travel on foot from house to house offering truly fresh milk. Some of them would also deliver cans of milk by bicycle.

Beaded slippers makers (2nd Local) were traditionally Peranakan women who had to learn bead work prior to marriage as part of a Peranakan custom. Using beads, these makers had to stitch patterns onto a piece of needlepoint fabric stretched upon a wooden frame. Once the beading work had been completed, the beaded cloth would be sent to the cobbler to be made into slippers.

Kachang puteh sellers (5c) were primarily Indians selling nuts, beans or peas (collectively known as "kachang" in Malay) that were either steamed, fried, roasted or dipped in sugar. The early kachang puteh sellers were roving vendors who plied their goods which were usually displayed on a rack or tray.

Lantern makers (20c) were once popular trade during the early days of Singapore. The lantern makers painted over oiled paper stretched over interwoven ribs of delicate bamboo. The painted lanterns often depict famous figures from legend and/or Chinese characters for good luck and longevity.

Songkok makers (30c) were predominantly from Sumatra or of Sumatran descent. They catered to the Malay/Muslim communities in Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia and Brunei, who often wore this traditional head gear when attending prayers at the mosque, other religious events, as well as festive celebrations such as Hari Raya Haji and Puasa.

Goldsmiths (45c) arrived in Singapore from Sri Lanka in the late 19th century and from South India and Gujarat in the mid-20th century. They would sit on floor mats or work over small benches while hand crafting pieces of jewellery. Their tools of the trade include screws, files, hammers, acid, sandpaper, water and a lamp. In addition to these tools, goldsmiths must also be equipped with patience, creativity and skilful fingures.

Cobblers (50c) offer shoe-repair services such as the replacement of worn out soles and heels as well as the polishing of shoes. During the early days, the trade was dominated by Chinese males and many cobblers could be found along "five-foot-ways", at the corners of pavements along busy roads, and on sidewalks within the vicinity of bus-stops.

Knife sharpeners (55c) were predominantly Cantonese Chinese or Malay, and many of them could be found along five-foot-ways in Singapore or travelled from one housing estate to another with their tools of trade. The tools of trade for a knife sharpener would typically include a pail of water, a grindstone and sheets of sandpaper.

Ice-ball sellers (65c) were primarily Indian vendors who sold drinks and ice-balls at the same time. Ice-ball sellers typically operate pushcarts laden with bottles of soft drinks, ingredients for ice-balls as well as a wooden ice-shaver. The ice-balls could either be drenched in colourful syrup and/or milk, and sometimes include fillings such as cooked red beans or "attap-chees" (mangrove palm seeds cooked in sugar).

Parrot astrologers (80c) arrived in Singapore during the late 19th century from India. They often used parakeets to pick up tarot cards so that they could interpret the cards to foretell a person's future. The tools of their trade would include a small table or rug, a set of 27 fortune cards, astrology charts, a notebook and a parakeet.

Thank you Shashi.

Australia 5.4.1967 - 150th Anniversary of Banking in Australia

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This 4c stamp on the cover commemorates the 150thAnniversary of Banking in Australiaon 5th April 1967. I do have a soft corner for the postmark as it is on my birthday J.

The first bank to be established in Australia was the Bank of New South Wales, which was established in Sydney in 1817, with Edward Smith Hall as its cashier and secretary. During the 19th and early 20th century, the Bank of New South Wales opened branches throughout Australia and Oceania: at Moreton Bay (Brisbane) in 1850, then in Victoria (1851), New Zealand (1861), South Australia(1877), Western Australia (1883), Fiji (1901), Papua New Guinea (1910) and Tasmania (1910).

On the cover you see an embossed coin, a dollar in fact. A coin with a hole in it. This Holey dollar has an interesting history behind it!

Holey dollar is the name given to coins used in the early history of two British settlements: Prince Edward Island and New South Wales. The middle was punched out of Spanish dollars, creating two parts: a small coin, known as a "dump" in Australia, and a "holey dollar". This coin was one of the first coins struck in Australia. The 1813 Holey Dollar and its partner, the 1813 Colonial Dump, were the first coins struck in Australia. Not only are they extremely rare, but their fascinating history has made them two of the world’s most famous coins.

In the early 1800s, the Governor of NSW bought a house. He paid for it with 200 gallons of rum. Strange, you think? But no, this wasn’t at all unusual. Even though New South Wales had moved on from being a penal colony and was fast developing into a well established and a vibrant society, there was still no bank – and no local currency. The laws of economics being what they are, something else had to take its place as a medium of exchange, and the most commonly used alternative was liquor. Rum was selling at more than twenty times its nominal value, and its  popularity as a negotiating medium was embraced by all sections of the community – including Governor Lachlan Macquarie himself. It was, though, a clearly unsustainable situation, and in 1812, the Governor set in motion a plan to resolve the colony’s currency crisis by importing 40,000 Spanish Silver Dollars.

To stop the coins disappearing into traders’ pockets, he had them punched-out and re-stamped, making them useless outside Australia. In the process, each dollar became two coins: the large donut-like outer ring, and the punched-out inner disc. The newly created ring was re-stamped with a value of five shillings, the year 1813, and had the issuing authority of New South Wales around the inner circumference. This became the 1813 Holey Dollar. The circular inner was re-stamped with a crown, the year 1813, the issuing authority and the value of fifteen pence. This became the Colonial Dump. The coins provided a vital short-term solution to the colony’s currency crisis and remained in official circulation for 16 years, before being withdrawn in 1829 when the Sterling standard was re-imposed.

Thank you Maria.

Australia 20.1.1982 - Australia Day 1982

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The stamp on this cover commemorates Australia Day 1982. It depicts the Three Great Waves of Migration.

The settlement of Australia was in three great waves, the first was the Aborigine, during the Dream Time, the second was the colonists from 1788, the third came after World War 2, when Australia's population more than double over a very short period of years.

Australia Day is on January 26 and commemorates the establishment of the first European settlement at Port Jackson, now part of Sydney, in 1788. It is an opportunity for Australians to come together to celebrate their country and culture. There are reflections on the achievements of the nation and explorations of way to make the country even better in the future.
On January 26, 1788, the First Fleet of 11 ships from Great Britain arrived at Port Jackson, which now forms Sydney Harbour. The First Fleet was led by Captain Arthur Philip. He established the Colony of New South Wales, the first penal colony in Australia. By 1808, January 26 was being celebrated as “First Landing Day” or “Foundation Day” with drinking and merriment.
Thirty years after the arrival of the First Fleet, in 1818, the Governor of Australia ordered a 30-gun salute, hosted a dinner ball at Government House and gave government employees a holiday. In the following years, employees of banks and other organizations were also given holidays. In the following decades, horse racing and regattas were popular activities on January 26.
In 1838, Foundation Day was Australia's first public holiday. It was also the occasion of the first public celebrations of the founding of Australia. The shores of Sydney Harbour were crowded and there was a firework display. By 1888, January 26 had become known as 'Anniversary Day' was celebrated in all colonies except Adelaide. In 1888, the centenary of the arrival of the First Fleet was celebrated with ceremonies, exhibitions, banquets, regattas, fireworks and the unveiling of a statue of Queen Victoria.
By 1935, January 26 was known as Australia Day in all states except New South Wales, where it was still called Anniversary Day. In 1938, large scale celebrations were held. These included a re-enactment of the landing of the First Fleet, which did not mention the convict status of many of the passengers on these ships. The re-enactment is included the removal of a group of Aborigines. Shortly before the celebrations, a group of Aboriginal activists arranged a “Day of Mourning”. They used this to campaign for citizenship and equal rights for Aborigines.
From 1946, January 26 was known as Australia Day in all states. However, the public holiday was moved to the Monday nearest to January 26 to create a long weekend.  Since 1994, the Australia Day public holiday has been on January 26 in all states and territories.
The anniversary of the first permanent European settlement in Australia is not a cause for celebration for all citizens. Indigenous Australians often feel that the celebrations on Australia Day exclude them and their culture, which was thriving for thousands of years before the arrival of the First Fleet (see my post on 22.5.2012).
Thank you Maria.

Australia 26.1.1984 - Cook's Cottage

Singapore 12.9.2013 - Singapore-Vietnam Joint Stamp Issue – 40th Anniversary of Diplomatic Relations

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In celebration of the 40th Anniversary of Diplomatic relations between Singapore and Viet Nam, a joint stamp issue on birds was launched. This is the second joint stamp issue between the two countries.
Beautifully portrayed in this joint stamp issue are the Grey Peacock Pheasant and the Red Junglefowl.
Depicted on one stamp is the Grey Peacock Pheasant which is drawn by To Minh Trang. It has greyish brown plumage with dark blue circles and white rings. Each tail feather has two green “eyespots” or ocelli which are especially prominent in the males. The Grey Peacock Pheasant also scientifically known as Polyplectron bicalcaratum is a medium-sized pheasant found mostly in the lowland and hill forest of Assam and Southeast Asia. It has greyish brown plumage, adorned with dark blue circles and white rings. Distinctive features of this bird include white cheeks and throad. Each tail feather has two green "eyespots" or ocelli, which are especially prominent in the males. Females are smaller, with darker and duller plumage.
Female grey peacock pheasants are smaller, and have a darker and duller plumage.
The second stamp featured the Red Junglefowl which is drawn by Eng Siak Loy. The cockerel has striking plumage, ear wattles and a majestic red comb. The hen in its streaky brown plumage is less spectacular. The Red Junglefowl scientifically known as Gallus gallus is widely touted as the wild ancestor of the domestic chicken. The cockerel has ear wattles and sports a majestic red comb. Its plumage is bright gold or bronze with hues of blue, purple or green on the tail. The hen is less spectacular, with streaky brown plumage. Red Junglefowls are able to fly up in trees to roost at night, and to escape ground predators.
Thank you Shashi.

Australia 25.8.1976 - Scenic Australia

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These are three of the set of six pretty stamps issued in 1976 highlighting important scenes in Australia.

(85c) Uluru, also known as Ayers Rock and officially gazetted as Uluru / Ayers Rock, is a large sandstone rock formation in the southern part of the Northern Territory in central Australia. It lies 335 km (208 mi) south west of the nearest large town, Alice Springs, 450 km (280 mi) by road.

Kata Tjuta and Uluru are the two major features of the Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa National Park. Uluru is sacred to the Anangu, the Aboriginal people of the area. The area around the formation is home to a plethora of springs, waterholes, rock caves, and ancient paintings. Uluru is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

(25c)Broken Bay, a semi–mature tide dominated drowned valley estuary, is a large inlet of the Tasman Sea located about 50 kilometres (31 mi) north ofSydney central business district on the coast of New South Wales, Australia; being one of the bodies of water that separate greater Metropolitan Sydney from the Central Coast. Broken Bay is the first major bay north of Sydney Harbour.

Broken Bay has its origin at the confluence of the Hawkesbury River, Pittwater, and Brisbane Water and flows openly into the Tasman Sea.

The total catchment area of the bay is approximately 17.1 square kilometres (6.6 sq mi).

(5c) The Richmond Bridge is a heritage listed arch bridge located on the B31 ("Convict Trail") in Richmond, 25 kilometres (15.5 mi) north of Hobart in Tasmania, Australia. It is the oldest bridge still in use in Australia.

The foundation stone for the Richmond Bridge was laid on 11 December 1823 and construction continued using convict labour until completion in 1825. The bridge was originally named Bigge's Bridge after Royal Commissioner, John Thomas Bigge, who recognised the need for the bridge in 1820. In 2005, the bridge was recognised as an outstanding historic place and added to the Australian National Heritage List.

Murder of George Grover. In 1832 an employee of the Richmond Gaol was murdered at Richmond bridge. George Grover was employed as a gaoler whose duties including flogging the prisoners. He was unpopular due to his ferocity and was pushed off the edge of Richmond Bridge after drunkenly falling asleep. No one was convicted of his murder.

Thank you Maria.

Australia 3.8.1983 - The Sentimental Bloke - Australian Folklore

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The lovely stamps on this cover honour the popular Australian poet CJ Dennis who wrote The Songs of a Sentimental Bloke, a verse novel by novelist and poet C. J. Dennis. The work was first published in book form in 1915 and sold over 60,000 copies in nine editions within the first year.

The Songs of a Sentimental Bloke tells the story of Bill, a larrikin of the Little Lonsdale Street Push, who is introduced to a young woman by the name of Doreen. The book chronicles their courtship and marriage, detailing Bill's transformation from a violence-prone gang member to a contented husband and father.

Two film versions of The Songs of a Sentimental Bloke have been produced: a silent version in 1919 written and directed by Raymond Longford, and which featured Arthur Tauchert as Bill and Lottie Lyell as Doreen; and a "talkie" version in 1932, directed by F.W. Thring from a screenplay by C.J. Dennis.
In 1961, a musical called The Sentimental Bloke was produced in Canberra, and later in Melbourne and other cities. The music was by Albert Arlen, with lyrics by Arlen, Nancy Brown and Lloyd Thomson.
A television adaptation appeared in 1976, written and directed by Alan Burke and featuring Graeme Blundell as Bill.

A ballet version of Arlen's musical was choreographed by Robert Ray, with Albert Arlen's music freely arranged by John Lanchbery. This was presented by The Australian Ballet in 1985, and they presented it on their tour of the Soviet Union.

Thank you Mariafor this delightful first day cover.

Australia 25.7.1984 - Olympic Games 1984 - Los Angeles

Singapore 13.10.2013 - Singapore’s Globalisation Journey

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For the first time, Singapore’s story of trade and internationalization is featured on stamps. Trade has always been the backbone of Singapore’s economy, and through the years, International Enterprise (IE) Singapore has been spearheading the overseas growth of Singapore-based companies and international trade. In conjunction with the 30thanniversary of IE Singapore, SingPost released the Globalisation of Singapore stamp issue on 10 September 2013.
This set of four stamps commemorates the efforts of IE Singapore in transforming Singapore into a thriving global trading hub, with a complete ecosystem for the energy, agri-commodities, and metals and minerals trading clusters. It comes in 1st Local, S$0.65, S$0.80 and S$1.10 denominations, encapsulating the aspirations of IE Singapore to establish Singapore as a thriving business hub with globally competitive companies and leading international traders.
Thank you Shashi.

France 16.10.1976 – 25th Anniversary of the Council of Europe

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France commemorated the 25th Anniversary of the Council of Europe in 1976 with a set of four impressive stamps. This FDC displays the 100f stamp depicting the Council Flag.

The European flag is the symbol not only of the European Union but also of Europe's unity and identity in a wider sense. The European flag consists of 12 golden stars in a circle on a blue background. The stars symbolise the ideals of unity, solidarity and harmony among the peoples of Europe. The number of stars has nothing to do with the number of member countries, though the circle is a symbol of unity.The history of the flag goes back to 1955. The Council of Europe - defending human rights and promoting European culture – adopted the present design for its own use. Over the following years the Council of Europe encouraged the emerging European institutions to adopt the flag as well.
The Council of Europe is an international organisation promoting co-operation between all countries of Europe in the areas of legal standards, human rights, democratic development, the rule of law and cultural co-operation. It was founded in 1949, has 47 member states with some 800 million citizens, and is an entirely separate body from the European Union (EU), which has 28 member states. Unlike the EU, the Council of Europe cannot make binding laws. The two do however share certain symbols such as the flag and the anthem.
The best known bodies of the Council of Europe are the European Court of Human Rights, which enforces the European Convention on Human Rights, and the European Pharmacopoeia Commission, which sets the quality standards for pharmaceutical products in Europe. The Council of Europe's work has resulted in standards, charters and conventions to facilitate cooperation between European countries.
Its statutory institutions are the Committee of Ministers comprising the foreign ministers of each member state, the Parliamentary Assembly composed of MPs from the parliament of each member state, and the Secretary General heading the secretariat of the Council of Europe. The Commissioner for Human Rights is an independent institution within the Council of Europe, mandated to promote awareness of and respect for human rights in the member states.
The headquarters of the Council of Europe are in Strasbourg, France, with English and French as its two official languages.The Committee of Ministers, the Parliamentary Assembly and the Congress also use German, Italian, and Russian for some of their work.
Thank you Maria.

Australia 26.9.1984 - AUSIPEX 84

Australia 21.7.1986 - Click Go the Shears - Australian Folklore

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"Click Go the Shears" is a traditional Australian folk song. The song details a day's work for a sheep shearer in the days before machine shears. The enduring popularity of this song reflects the traditional role that the wool industry has played in Australian life. The song describes the various roles in the shearing shed, including the "ringer", the "boss of the board", the "colonial experience man" and the "tar boy". After the day's shearing, the "old shearer" takes his cheque and heads to the local pub for a drinking session.
The tune is an adaptation of the American Civil War song ”Ring the Bell Watchman” by Henry Clay Work and the first verse follows closely, in parody, Work's lyrics as well.
The second verse in the original 19th century song is as follows:
Click goes his shears; click, click, click.
Wide are the blows, and his hand is moving quick,
The ringer looks round, for he lost it by a blow,
And he curses that old shearer with the bare belled ewe.
 

Singapore 23.8.2013 - Singapore World Stamp Exhibition 2015

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SINGAPORE 2015 will be the 3rd World Stamp Exhibition to be held in Singapore from 14th to the 19th August 2015. It is to be held in conjunction with Singapore's 50th Year of Independence, with the full support and patronage of the Federation lnternationale de Philatelie (FIP) and under the auspices of the Federation of Inter-Asian Philately (FIAP).

Singapore last hosted the World Stamp Exhibition in 1995 and the inaugural World Stamp Championship in 2004. Gathering the experience of both exhibitions and with effort to commemorate Singapore's Golden Jubilee in 2015, Singapore managed to bid for the hosting rights of this event successfully. Singpex Pte Ltd is the appointed organiser for this event.
Highlights of the 2015 exhibition will be:
  • Displays from the archives of the Singapore Philatelic Museum.
  • Exhibits from distinguished collections showing the development of Singapore's 180 years of postal history and stamps.
  • Exhibits of world-wide award winning collections.

Denmark 18.11.1976 – Glass Blowing - Danish Socialist Realism

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The stamp on this FDC is one of a set of four stamps on Glass Blowing in Denmark.  Four different stages of the glass production at Holmegaard Glassworks. Design by Helle Jessen, and engraved by Cz. Slania.

Although the Danish Socialist Realism was never dictated by the government, there is no doubt that some of the Danish Socialist Realist artists were communists, and certainly approved the Soviet ideology in all its facets -- which is easy to do when one is not forced to, but has the artistic freedom of expression.  This is probably why the Socialist Realism in arts was to some degree maintained up to the 1970s by artists like Folmer Bendtsen (1907-1993, not represented on stamps) and his contemporaries.

The most blatant philatelic example I can think of in this style is in the set of stamps issued in 1976, showing glass blowers in various stages of their work, and idealizing the so-called society of workers and peasants.  

With the disintegration of the Communist Bloc in the late 1980s, Socialist Realism fell out of favour and instead began to be used ironically in some works as a means of attacking the old Communist system. 

Thank you Maria.

Australia 7.11.1984 - The Bicentenial Symbol

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